Historian, sociologist, political scientist. Professor Emeritus at the Institute of Political Studies of Paris. Professor of International Relations at Luiss University, where he chairs the Advisory Board of the School of Public Administration. He was an assistant professor at Stanford University (California). Among his best-known works: Red Houses. French and Italian Communist Parties from Liberation to the Present Day, Paris, Aubier, 1992; Italy on a Knife’s Edge: Change and Continuity in Modern Italy, Paris, Perrin, 2009; Peoplocracy. The Metamorphosis of Our Democracies, Gallimard, 2019.
Columnist for Le Figaro and Repubblica newspapers.